Lawyers in London
Lawyers in London
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  • London
    • East London Solicitors >
      • Archstone Solicitors (East London Solicitors)
    • North London Solicitors >
      • PWJ Solicitors in Barnet
      • Douglas Silas Education Solicitors
      • Selvarajah & Co Solicitors (North London Solicitors)
      • Simons Rodkin Solicitors (North London Solicitors)
    • West London Solicitors >
      • Fox Lawyers (London Solicitors)
    • South West London Solicitors >
      • Lawrence Law Solicitors (Putney Solicitors)
      • Baxter Brown McArthur Criminal Defence Solicitors
      • SJS Solicitors in Balham
    • South East London Solicitors >
      • Alfred James Solicitors in Croydon
      • CSL Croydon Solicitors
      • Mancini Legal Solicitors
      • Sinnertons Solicitors
      • Streeter Marshall Solicitors
  • News
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  • Business Law
    • East London Business Law Solicitors >
      • Barking & Dagenham Business Law Solicitors
      • Newham Business Law Solicitors
      • Havering Business Law Solicitors
      • Redbridge Business Law Solicitors
      • Tower Hamlets Business Law Solicitors
    • North London Business Law Solicitors >
      • Barnet Business Law Solicitors >
        • PWJ Business Solicitors
      • Brent Business Law Solicitors
      • Camden Business Law Solicitors
      • Ealing Business Law Solicitors
      • Enfield Business Law Solicitors
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Business Law Solicitors
      • Harrow Business Law Solicitors
      • Haringey Business Law Solicitors
      • Hillingdon Business Law Solicitors
      • Kensington & Chelsea Business Law Solicitors
      • Hillingdon Business Law Solicitors
    • South East London Business Law Solicitors >
      • Bromley Business Law Solicitors
      • Croydon Business Law Solicitors
      • Greenwich Business Law Solicitors
      • Lewisham Business Law Solicitors
      • Southwark Business Law Solicitors
    • South West London Business Law Solicitors >
      • Kingston upon Thames Business Law Solicitors
      • Lambeth Business Law Solicitors
      • Merton Business Law Solicitors
      • Richmond upon Thames Business Law Solicitors
      • Wandsworth Business Law Solicitors
      • Sutton Business Law Solicitors
    • Business Start Up Structures
    • London Business Barristers
  • Child Law
    • East London Child Law Solicitors >
      • Barking & Dagenham Child Law Solicitors
      • Havering Child Law Solicitors
      • Newham Child Law Solicitors
      • Redbridge Child Law Solicitors
      • Tower Hamlets Child Law Solicitors
      • Waltham Forest Child Law Solicitors
    • North London Child Law Solicitors >
      • Barnet Child Law Solicitors
      • Brent Child Law Solicitors
      • Camden Child Law Solicitors
      • Ealing Child Law Solicitors
      • Enfield Child Law Solicitors
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Child Law Solicitors
      • Harrow Child Law Solicitors
      • Haringey Child Law Solicitors
      • Hillingdon Child Law Solicitors
    • South East London Child Law Solicitors >
      • Croydon Child Law Solicitors
      • Greenwich Child Law Solicitors
      • Lewisham Child Law Solicitors
      • Southwark Child Law Solicitors
    • South West London Child Law Solicitors >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Child Law Solicitors
      • Kingston upon Thames Child Law Solicitors
      • Lambeth Child Law Solicitors
      • Richmond upon Thames Child Law Solicitors
      • Merton Child Law Solicitors
      • Sutton Child Law Solicitors
      • Wandsworth Child Law Solicitors >
        • SJS Child Custody Solicitors in Balham
    • Adoption
  • Commercial Law
    • East London Commercial Law Solicitors >
      • Barking & Dagenham Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Havering Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Newham Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Redbridge Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Tower Hamlets Commercial Law Solicitors >
        • Archstone Solicitors (Commercial Solicitors)
      • Waltham Forest Commercial Law Solicitors
    • North London Commercial Law Solicitors >
      • Barnet Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Brent Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Camden Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Ealing Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Enfield Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Haringey Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Harrow Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Hillingdon Commercial Law Solicitors
    • South East London Commercial Law Solicitors >
      • Bromley Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Croydon Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Greenwich Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Lewisham Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Southwark Commercial Law Solicitors
    • South West London Commercial Law Solicitors >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Kingston upon Thames Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Lambeth Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Merton Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Richmond upon Thames Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Sutton Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Wandsworth Commercial Law Solicitors
  • Conveyancing Law
    • East London Conveyancers >
      • Barking Conveyancers
      • Havering Conveyancers
      • Newham Conveyancers
      • Redbridge Conveyancers
      • Waltham Forest Conveyancers
      • Tower Hamlets Conveyancers >
        • Archstone Conveyancing Solicitors
    • North London Conveyancers >
      • Barnet Conveyancers >
        • PWJ Conveyancing Solicitors
      • Brent Conveyancers
      • Camden Conveyancers
      • Ealing Conveyancers
      • Enfield Conveyancers
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Conveyancers
      • Harrow Conveyancers
      • Haringey Conveyancers
      • Hillingdon Conveyancers
    • South East London Conveyancers >
      • Bromley Conveyancers
      • Croydon Conveyancers >
        • Alfred James Conveyancing Solicitors in Croydon
        • Sinnertons Conveyancing Solicitors
      • Greenwich Conveyancers >
        • Mancini Legal Conveyancing Solicitors
      • Lewisham Conveyancers
      • Southwark Conveyancers
    • South West London Conveyancers >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Conveyancers
      • Kingston upon Thames Conveyancers
      • Lambeth Conveyancers
      • Merton Conveyancers
      • Richmond upon Thames Conveyancers
      • Sutton Conveyancers
      • Wandsworth Conveyancers >
        • SJS Conveyancing Solicitors in Balham
    • Property Buying Guide
  • Criminal Law
    • East London Criminal Law Solicitors >
      • Havering Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Newham Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Redbridge Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Tower Hamlets Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Waltham Forest Criminal Law Solicitors
    • North London Criminal Law Solicitors >
      • Barnet Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Brent Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Camden Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Ealing Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Enfield Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Harrow Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Haringey Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Hillngdon Criminal Law Solicitors
    • South East London Criminal Law Solicitors >
      • Bromley Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Croydon Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Greenwich Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Lewisham Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Southwark Criminal Law Solicitors
    • South West London Criminal Law Solicitors >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Kingston upon Thames Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Lambeth Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Merton Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Richmond upon Thames Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Sutton Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Wandsworth Criminal Law Solicitors
  • Divorce Law
    • East London Divorce Lawyers >
      • Barking & Dagenham Divorce Lawyers
      • Havering Divorce Lawyers
      • Newham Divorce Lawyers
      • Redbridge Divorce Lawyers
      • Tower Hamlets Divorce Lawyers
      • Waltham Forest Divorce Lawyers
    • North London Divorce Lawyers >
      • Barnet Divorce Lawyers
      • Brent Divorce Lawyers
      • Camden Divorce Lawyers
      • Ealing Divorce Lawyers
      • Enfield Divorce Lawyers
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Divorce Lawyers
      • Harrow Divorce Lawyers
      • Haringey Divorce Lawyers
      • Hillingdon Divorce Lawyers
    • South East London Divorce Lawyers >
      • Bromley Divorce Lawyers
      • Croydon Divorce Lawyers >
        • CSL Divorce Solicitors in Croydon
      • Greenwich Divorce Lawyers >
        • Mancini Legal Divorce Solicitors
      • Lewisham Divorce Lawyers
      • Southwark Divorce Lawyers
    • South West London Divorce Lawyers >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Divorce Lawyers
      • Kingston upon Thames Divorce Lawyers
      • Lambeth Divorce Lawyers
      • Merton Divorce Lawyers
      • Richmond upon Thames Divorce Lawyers
      • Sutton Divorce Lawyers
      • Wandsworth Divorce Lawyers >
        • SJS Divorce Solicitors in Balham
    • Guide to the Divorce Procedure
  • Education Law
    • East London Education Lawyers
    • North London Education Lawyers >
      • Douglas Silas SEN Solicitors
    • South East London Education Lawyers
    • South West London Education Lawyers
  • Employment Law
    • Fox Employment Solicitors (London Solicitors)
    • East London Employment Lawyers >
      • Barking & Dagenham Employment Lawyers
      • Havering Employment Lawyers
      • Newham Employment Lawyers
      • Redbridge Employment Lawyers
      • Tower Hamlets Employment Lawyers
      • Waltham Forest Employment Lawyers
    • North London Employment Lawyers >
      • Barnet Employment Lawyers >
        • PWJ Employment Solicitors
        • Simons Rodkin Employment Solicitors (North London Solicitors)
      • Brent Employment Lawyers
      • Camden Employment Lawyers
      • Ealing Employment Lawyers
      • Enfield Employment Lawyers
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Employment Lawyers
      • Haringey Employment Lawyers
      • Harrow Employment Lawyers
      • Hillingdon Employment Lawyers
    • South East London Employment Lawyers >
      • Bromley Employment Lawyers
      • Croydon Employment Lawyers >
        • Alfred James Employment Solicitors in Croydon
        • CSL Employment Solicitors in Croydon
      • Greenwich Employment Lawyers
      • Lewisham Employment Lawyers
      • Southwark Employment Lawyers
    • South West London Employment Lawyers >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Employment Lawyers
      • Kingston upon Thames Employment Lawyers
      • Lambeth Employment Lawyers
      • Merton Employment Lawyers
      • Richmond upon Thames Employment Lawyers
      • Sutton Employment Lawyers
      • Wandworth Employment Lawyers >
        • Lawrence Law Employment Solicitors (Putney Solicitors)
        • SJS Employment Solicitors in Balham
  • Family Law
    • East London Family Lawyers >
      • Barking & Dagenham Family Lawyers
      • Havering Family Lawyers
      • Newham Family Lawyers
      • Redbridge Family Lawyers
      • Tower Hamlets Family Lawyers >
        • Archstone Family Solicitors
      • Waltham Forest Family Lawyers
    • North London Family Lawyers >
      • Barnet Family Lawyers
      • Brent Family Lawyers
      • Camden Family Lawyers
      • Ealing Family Lawyers
      • Enfield Family Lawyers
      • Hammersmth & Fulham Family Lawyers
      • Haringey Family Lawyers
      • Harrow Family Lawyers
      • Hillingdon Family Lawyers
    • South East London Family Lawyers >
      • Bromley Family Lawyers
      • Croydon Family Lawyers >
        • Alfred James Family Solicitors in Croydon
        • CSL Family Solicitors in Croydon
      • Greenwich Family Lawyers >
        • Mancini Legal Family Solicitors
      • Lewisham Family Lawyers
      • Southwark Family Lawyers
    • South West London Family Lawyers >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Family Lawyers
      • Kingston upon Thames Family Lawyers
      • Richmond upon Thames Family Lawyers
      • Lambeth Family Lawyers
      • Merton Family Lawyers
      • Sutton Family Lawyers
      • Wandsworth Family Lawyers >
        • SJS Family Solicitors in Balham
    • Domestic Violence
  • Immigration Law
    • East London Immigration Lawyers >
      • Barking & Dagenham Immigration Lawyers
      • Havering Immigration Lawyers
      • Newham Immigration Lawyers
      • Redbridge Immigration Lawyers
      • Tower Hamlets Immigration Lawyers >
        • Archstone Immigration Solicitors
      • Waltham Forest Immigration Lawyers
    • North London Immigration Lawyers >
      • Barnet Immigration Lawyers >
        • Simons Rodkin Immigration Solicitors (North London Solicitors)
      • Brent Immigration Lawyers
      • Camden Immigration Lawyers
      • Ealing Immigration Lawyers
      • Enfield Immigration Lawyers
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Immigration Lawyers
      • Haringey Immigration Lawyers
      • Harrow Immigration Lawyers
      • Hillingdon Immigration Lawyers
    • South East London Immigration Lawyers >
      • Bromley Immigration Lawyers
      • Croydon Immigration Lawyers >
        • Alfred James Immigration Solicitors in Croydon
      • Greenwich Immigration Lawyers
      • Lewisham Immigration Lawyers
      • Southwark Immigration Lawyers
    • South West London Immigration Lawyers >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Immigration Lawyers
      • Kingston upon Thames Immigration Lawyers
      • Richmond upon Thames Immigration Lawyers
      • Lambeth Immigration Lawyers
      • Merton Immigration Lawyers
      • Sutton Immigration Lawyers
      • Wandsworth Immigration Lawyers >
        • SJS Immigration Solicitors in Balham
  • Landlord & Tenant Law
    • East London Landlord & Tenant Law >
      • Barking & Dagenham Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Newham Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Redbridge Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Tower Hamlets Landlord & Tenant Lawyers >
        • Archstone Solicitors (Landlord & Tenant Solicitors)
      • Waltham Forest Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
    • North London Landlord & Tenant Law >
      • Barnet Landlord & Tenant Lawyers >
        • PWJ Landlord &Tenant Solicitors
        • Simons Rodkin Landlord & Tenant Solicitors (North London Solicitors)
      • Brent Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Camden Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Ealing Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Haringey Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Harrow Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Hillingdon Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
    • South East London Landlord & Tenant Law >
      • Bromley Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Croydon Landlord & Tenant Lawyers >
        • Sinnertons Landlord & Tenant Solicitors
      • Greenwich Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Lewisham Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Southwark Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
    • South West London Landlord & Tenant Law >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Kingston upon Thames Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Lambeth Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Richmond upon Thames Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Merton Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
      • Sutton Landlord & Tenant Lawyers
  • Negligence & Personal Injury
    • East London Negligence & Personal Injury Lawyers >
      • Archstone Pesonal Injury Solicitors
    • North London Negligence & Personal Injury Lawyers
    • South East London Negligence & Personal Injury Lawyers >
      • Bromley Negligence & Personal Injury Lawyers
      • Croydon Negligence & Personal Injury Lawyers >
        • Alfred James Personal Injury Solicitors in Croydon
      • Greenwich Negligence & Personal Injury Lawyers
      • Lewisham Negligence & Personal Injury Lawyers
      • Southwark Negligence & Personal Injury Lawyers
    • South West London Negligence & Personal Injury Lawyers
  • Property Law
    • East London Property Lawyers
    • North London Property Lawyers >
      • Simons Rodkin Property Solicitors (North London Solicitors)
    • South East London Property Lawyers
    • South West London Property Lawyers
  • Wills, Probate & Inheritance Law
    • East London Wills, Probate & Inheritance Lawyers >
      • Archstone Wills & Probate Solicitors
    • North London Wills, Probate & Inheritance Lawyers >
      • PWJ Wills & Probate Solicitors
    • South East London Wills, Probate & Inheritance Lawyers >
      • Bromley Wills, Probate & Inheritance Lawyers
      • Croydon Wills, Probate & Inheritance Lawyers >
        • Sinnertons Wills & Probate Solicitors
      • Greenwich Wills, Probate & Inheritance Lawyers >
        • Mancini Legal Wills & Probate Solicitors
      • Lewisham Wills, Probate & Inheritance Lawyers
      • Southwark Wills, Probate & Inheritance Lawyers
    • South West London Wills, Probate & Inheritance Lawyers
    • Guide to Inheritance Law
    • Making a Will: Article by Parker Arrenberg Solicitors
    • Living Wills: Article by Parker Arrenberg Solicitors
  • McKenzie Friends
  • Mediation Services
    • CSL Dispute Resolution Croydon Solicitors
    • Arbitration & Conciliation
  • Complaints about Barristers
  • Complaints against Solicitors
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  • Home
  • London
    • East London Solicitors >
      • Archstone Solicitors (East London Solicitors)
    • North London Solicitors >
      • PWJ Solicitors in Barnet
      • Douglas Silas Education Solicitors
      • Selvarajah & Co Solicitors (North London Solicitors)
      • Simons Rodkin Solicitors (North London Solicitors)
    • West London Solicitors >
      • Fox Lawyers (London Solicitors)
    • South West London Solicitors >
      • Lawrence Law Solicitors (Putney Solicitors)
      • Baxter Brown McArthur Criminal Defence Solicitors
      • SJS Solicitors in Balham
    • South East London Solicitors >
      • Alfred James Solicitors in Croydon
      • CSL Croydon Solicitors
      • Mancini Legal Solicitors
      • Sinnertons Solicitors
      • Streeter Marshall Solicitors
  • News
  • Blog
  • Business Law
    • East London Business Law Solicitors >
      • Barking & Dagenham Business Law Solicitors
      • Newham Business Law Solicitors
      • Havering Business Law Solicitors
      • Redbridge Business Law Solicitors
      • Tower Hamlets Business Law Solicitors
    • North London Business Law Solicitors >
      • Barnet Business Law Solicitors >
        • PWJ Business Solicitors
      • Brent Business Law Solicitors
      • Camden Business Law Solicitors
      • Ealing Business Law Solicitors
      • Enfield Business Law Solicitors
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Business Law Solicitors
      • Harrow Business Law Solicitors
      • Haringey Business Law Solicitors
      • Hillingdon Business Law Solicitors
      • Kensington & Chelsea Business Law Solicitors
      • Hillingdon Business Law Solicitors
    • South East London Business Law Solicitors >
      • Bromley Business Law Solicitors
      • Croydon Business Law Solicitors
      • Greenwich Business Law Solicitors
      • Lewisham Business Law Solicitors
      • Southwark Business Law Solicitors
    • South West London Business Law Solicitors >
      • Kingston upon Thames Business Law Solicitors
      • Lambeth Business Law Solicitors
      • Merton Business Law Solicitors
      • Richmond upon Thames Business Law Solicitors
      • Wandsworth Business Law Solicitors
      • Sutton Business Law Solicitors
    • Business Start Up Structures
    • London Business Barristers
  • Child Law
    • East London Child Law Solicitors >
      • Barking & Dagenham Child Law Solicitors
      • Havering Child Law Solicitors
      • Newham Child Law Solicitors
      • Redbridge Child Law Solicitors
      • Tower Hamlets Child Law Solicitors
      • Waltham Forest Child Law Solicitors
    • North London Child Law Solicitors >
      • Barnet Child Law Solicitors
      • Brent Child Law Solicitors
      • Camden Child Law Solicitors
      • Ealing Child Law Solicitors
      • Enfield Child Law Solicitors
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Child Law Solicitors
      • Harrow Child Law Solicitors
      • Haringey Child Law Solicitors
      • Hillingdon Child Law Solicitors
    • South East London Child Law Solicitors >
      • Croydon Child Law Solicitors
      • Greenwich Child Law Solicitors
      • Lewisham Child Law Solicitors
      • Southwark Child Law Solicitors
    • South West London Child Law Solicitors >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Child Law Solicitors
      • Kingston upon Thames Child Law Solicitors
      • Lambeth Child Law Solicitors
      • Richmond upon Thames Child Law Solicitors
      • Merton Child Law Solicitors
      • Sutton Child Law Solicitors
      • Wandsworth Child Law Solicitors >
        • SJS Child Custody Solicitors in Balham
    • Adoption
  • Commercial Law
    • East London Commercial Law Solicitors >
      • Barking & Dagenham Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Havering Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Newham Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Redbridge Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Tower Hamlets Commercial Law Solicitors >
        • Archstone Solicitors (Commercial Solicitors)
      • Waltham Forest Commercial Law Solicitors
    • North London Commercial Law Solicitors >
      • Barnet Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Brent Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Camden Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Ealing Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Enfield Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Haringey Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Harrow Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Hillingdon Commercial Law Solicitors
    • South East London Commercial Law Solicitors >
      • Bromley Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Croydon Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Greenwich Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Lewisham Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Southwark Commercial Law Solicitors
    • South West London Commercial Law Solicitors >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Kingston upon Thames Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Lambeth Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Merton Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Richmond upon Thames Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Sutton Commercial Law Solicitors
      • Wandsworth Commercial Law Solicitors
  • Conveyancing Law
    • East London Conveyancers >
      • Barking Conveyancers
      • Havering Conveyancers
      • Newham Conveyancers
      • Redbridge Conveyancers
      • Waltham Forest Conveyancers
      • Tower Hamlets Conveyancers >
        • Archstone Conveyancing Solicitors
    • North London Conveyancers >
      • Barnet Conveyancers >
        • PWJ Conveyancing Solicitors
      • Brent Conveyancers
      • Camden Conveyancers
      • Ealing Conveyancers
      • Enfield Conveyancers
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Conveyancers
      • Harrow Conveyancers
      • Haringey Conveyancers
      • Hillingdon Conveyancers
    • South East London Conveyancers >
      • Bromley Conveyancers
      • Croydon Conveyancers >
        • Alfred James Conveyancing Solicitors in Croydon
        • Sinnertons Conveyancing Solicitors
      • Greenwich Conveyancers >
        • Mancini Legal Conveyancing Solicitors
      • Lewisham Conveyancers
      • Southwark Conveyancers
    • South West London Conveyancers >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Conveyancers
      • Kingston upon Thames Conveyancers
      • Lambeth Conveyancers
      • Merton Conveyancers
      • Richmond upon Thames Conveyancers
      • Sutton Conveyancers
      • Wandsworth Conveyancers >
        • SJS Conveyancing Solicitors in Balham
    • Property Buying Guide
  • Criminal Law
    • East London Criminal Law Solicitors >
      • Havering Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Newham Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Redbridge Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Tower Hamlets Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Waltham Forest Criminal Law Solicitors
    • North London Criminal Law Solicitors >
      • Barnet Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Brent Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Camden Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Ealing Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Enfield Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Harrow Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Haringey Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Hillngdon Criminal Law Solicitors
    • South East London Criminal Law Solicitors >
      • Bromley Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Croydon Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Greenwich Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Lewisham Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Southwark Criminal Law Solicitors
    • South West London Criminal Law Solicitors >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Kingston upon Thames Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Lambeth Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Merton Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Richmond upon Thames Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Sutton Criminal Law Solicitors
      • Wandsworth Criminal Law Solicitors
  • Divorce Law
    • East London Divorce Lawyers >
      • Barking & Dagenham Divorce Lawyers
      • Havering Divorce Lawyers
      • Newham Divorce Lawyers
      • Redbridge Divorce Lawyers
      • Tower Hamlets Divorce Lawyers
      • Waltham Forest Divorce Lawyers
    • North London Divorce Lawyers >
      • Barnet Divorce Lawyers
      • Brent Divorce Lawyers
      • Camden Divorce Lawyers
      • Ealing Divorce Lawyers
      • Enfield Divorce Lawyers
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Divorce Lawyers
      • Harrow Divorce Lawyers
      • Haringey Divorce Lawyers
      • Hillingdon Divorce Lawyers
    • South East London Divorce Lawyers >
      • Bromley Divorce Lawyers
      • Croydon Divorce Lawyers >
        • CSL Divorce Solicitors in Croydon
      • Greenwich Divorce Lawyers >
        • Mancini Legal Divorce Solicitors
      • Lewisham Divorce Lawyers
      • Southwark Divorce Lawyers
    • South West London Divorce Lawyers >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Divorce Lawyers
      • Kingston upon Thames Divorce Lawyers
      • Lambeth Divorce Lawyers
      • Merton Divorce Lawyers
      • Richmond upon Thames Divorce Lawyers
      • Sutton Divorce Lawyers
      • Wandsworth Divorce Lawyers >
        • SJS Divorce Solicitors in Balham
    • Guide to the Divorce Procedure
  • Education Law
    • East London Education Lawyers
    • North London Education Lawyers >
      • Douglas Silas SEN Solicitors
    • South East London Education Lawyers
    • South West London Education Lawyers
  • Employment Law
    • Fox Employment Solicitors (London Solicitors)
    • East London Employment Lawyers >
      • Barking & Dagenham Employment Lawyers
      • Havering Employment Lawyers
      • Newham Employment Lawyers
      • Redbridge Employment Lawyers
      • Tower Hamlets Employment Lawyers
      • Waltham Forest Employment Lawyers
    • North London Employment Lawyers >
      • Barnet Employment Lawyers >
        • PWJ Employment Solicitors
        • Simons Rodkin Employment Solicitors (North London Solicitors)
      • Brent Employment Lawyers
      • Camden Employment Lawyers
      • Ealing Employment Lawyers
      • Enfield Employment Lawyers
      • Hammersmith & Fulham Employment Lawyers
      • Haringey Employment Lawyers
      • Harrow Employment Lawyers
      • Hillingdon Employment Lawyers
    • South East London Employment Lawyers >
      • Bromley Employment Lawyers
      • Croydon Employment Lawyers >
        • Alfred James Employment Solicitors in Croydon
        • CSL Employment Solicitors in Croydon
      • Greenwich Employment Lawyers
      • Lewisham Employment Lawyers
      • Southwark Employment Lawyers
    • South West London Employment Lawyers >
      • Kensington & Chelsea Employment Lawyers
      • Kingston upon Thames Employment Lawyers
      • Lambeth Employment Lawyers
      • Merton Employment Lawyers
      • Richmond upon Thames Employment Lawyers
      • Sutton Employment Lawyers
      • Wandworth Employment Lawyers >
        • Lawrence Law Employment Solicitors (Putney Solicitors)
        • SJS Employment Solicitors in Balham
  • Family Law
    • East London Family Lawyers >
      • Barking & Dagenham Family Lawyers
      • Havering Family Lawyers
      • Newham Family Lawyers
      • Redbridge Family Lawyers
      • Tower Hamlets Family Lawyers >
        • Archstone Family Solicitors
      • Waltham Forest Family Lawyers
    • North London Family Lawyers >
      • Barnet Family Lawyers
      • Brent Family Lawyers
      • Camden Family Lawyers
      • Ealing Family Lawyers
      • Enfield Family Lawyers
      • Hammersmth & Fulham Family Lawyers
      • Haringey Family Lawyers
      • Harrow Family Lawyers
      • Hillingdon Family Lawyers
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Arbitration challenge: Pt 1

4/19/2015

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Arbitration challenge: Pt 1 (New Law Journal - 26 September)

In the first of a series of articles, solicitors Richard Marshall & Nicole Finlayson examine the various routes open to parties to challenge an award.

Why choose arbitration over litigation or other forms of ADR? For many parties it is the confidentiality, commerciality and finality of arbitration that appeal. However, the Arbitration Act 1996 (AA 1996) does contain various means by which a dissatisfied party can challenge an award. While it is fair to say that the courts will be slow to interfere with an arbitral award, case law suggests that this does not stop parties from applying and, in some cases, succeeding.

In this series of articles we will examine the various routes open to parties to challenge an award, and consider the practical difficulties that such challenges may face in the light of recent case law. This first article will focus on s 67, which allows an arbitration award to be challenged in the courts on the grounds that the arbitral tribunal lacked substantive jurisdiction.

Challenging jurisdiction

Section 67 can be used to challenge an award made by an arbitral tribunal as to its own substantive jurisdiction, or to seek an order that an award made on the merits of the claim itself is of no effect, whether in whole or in part. It differs from challenges to substantive jurisdiction brought under s 31 (at the outset of the proceedings) or s 32 (as a preliminary point) in that s 67 operates after an award has been made. It is a mandatory provision that parties cannot contract out of the arbitration agreement.

However, a party must have exhausted any process of appeal or review under the arbitration rules, the arbitration agreement or any recourse available under s 57 (correction of an award or additional award). The application must also be made within 28 days of the date of the award or the date on which the applicant was notified of the outcome of any arbitral appeal/review.

Enforcement of clause requiring ‘friendly discussion’

In Emirates Trading Agency LLC v Prime Mineral Exports Private Limited [2014] EWHC 2104, the dispute resolution clause required the parties to seek to resolve disputes by way of ‘friendly discussion’ after which, if the dispute had not been resolved within four continuous weeks, the non-defaulting party could submit the dispute to arbitration. Following failed settlement discussions, the defendant duly referred the dispute to arbitration. The arbitral tribunal found that it had jurisdiction to hear the claim on the basis that the obligation to enter into friendly discussions was unenforceable, but even if it were enforceable, it had been complied with in any event.

The claimant challenged the tribunal’s award under s 67, alleging that the ‘friendly discussions’ requirement was a condition precedent ‘to engage in time limited negotiations’ that had not been complied with, meaning that the tribunal did not have jurisdiction to hear the matter. The defendant argued that the suggested condition precedent was unenforceable.

Mr Justice Teare considered English, Australian, Singaporean and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes authorities and reached a conclusion that represents a marked departure from much of the previous English case law on the enforceability of agreements to negotiate. In finding that the requirement to first engage in friendly discussions was enforceable and distinguishing previous authorities to the contrary, Teare J placed key importance on the fact that the obligation to do so in this case was time limited. That meant that the obligation was sufficiently complete and certain to be enforceable, without requiring any essential terms to be implied into it. He also found that enforcement of such agreements is in the public interest because commercial parties expect the court to enforce obligations and because the purpose of the obligation is to seek to avoid expensive and time consuming arbitration (and litigation).

Although Teare J found the requirement to hold friendly discussions to be an enforceable condition precedent, he also found that it had already been satisfied in this case because friendly discussions had indeed taken place in accordance with the clause. For that reason, he held that the tribunal had jurisdiction to decide the substantive dispute, and dismissed the claimant’s s 67 application.

It remains to be seen whether this decision marks the beginning of a new approach to the enforceability of such clauses in the English courts, following the approach already seen in other jurisdictions such as Australia. In the meantime, parties seeking to rely on such clauses should ensure that they are clearly worded, time limited and unambiguous in scope, in order to increase the likelihood of the clause being enforceable. Further, although this is another instance of a challenge under s 67 failing, it appears from the reasoning that the challenge might well have succeeded had the defendant not been able to demonstrate that friendly discussions had indeed taken place.

‘Exhausting’ any available arbitral process

In A Ltd v B Ltd [2014] EWHC 1870 the Commercial Court considered whether the appeal process in an arbitration under the International Cotton Association (ICA) rules had been exhausted. The claimants had sought to appeal the award to the ICA’s second-tier tribunal, the Technical Appeal Committee (TAC), but had failed to deposit the requisite sums with the ICA as required by the ICA rules, resulting in the ICA dismissing the appeal. The ICA refused the claimants’ retrospective application for an extension of time to pay.

The claimants then applied to the court for an order that the award be set aside under s 67 and/or s 68. The questions before the court were: (i) was there an ‘available arbitral process of appeal or review’; and (ii) if so, had the claimants exhausted that process, so as to comply with s 70(2)?

Mr Justice Smith found that an appeal to a second-tier tribunal such as the TAC did constitute an available arbitral process of appeal or review and the claimants had exhausted that process when their application for an extension of time for payment was refused. He noted that ‘the important connotation of the verb ‘exhaust’ is that the process must be used up completely’ and ‘what matters is that the process is fully spent, not how it became spent’.

Accordingly, despite the TAC appeal process being precluded as a result of the claimants’ failure to pay the sums due, the salient point was that the appeal process had been used up-not how it had been used up. The process had been exhausted within the meaning of s 70(2).

Extent of tribunal’s jurisdiction

In Interprods Limited v De La Rue International Limited [2014] EWHC 68 the Commercial Court dismissed challenges to an award brought under s 67 and s 68. The arbitral tribunal had made an award finding:

i. that the claimant’s representative had told the defendant that the claimant needed the defendant to pay commission so that the claimant could use that commission to pay bribes; and

ii. the defendant was consequently entitled to terminate its agreement with the claimant and was not obliged to pay the outstanding commissions.

Focusing on the s 67 challenge, Interprods argued that the arbitration agreement should not be construed as extending to cover allegations of criminal conduct. Teare J disagreed and found that the parties, as ‘rational business men’, were likely to have intended that any dispute arising out of the relationship into which they had entered was to be decided by the same tribunal, unless the wording of the clause made it clear that certain questions were to be excluded from the tribunal’s jurisdiction. He noted that ‘illegality in the performance of a contractual obligation is often alleged to be a reason why a contract cannot be enforced’ and that it would seriously restrict the ambit of arbitration clauses if allegations of criminal conduct were ‘sufficient to deprive the arbitral tribunal of jurisdiction to determine the contractual rights and obligations in the light of that criminal conduct’.

Teare J dismissed the s 67 challenge. An arbitration clause should be construed widely as covering all disputes arising out of the particular relationship or agreement, including those where allegations of illegality are raised, unless the clause contains specific wording to expressly exclude certain questions from the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal.

Jurisdiction & costs

In Sun United Maritime Ltd v Kasteli Marine Inc [2014] EWHC 1476 following the rendering of an award on the substantive dispute, the parties’ solicitors tried to reach agreement on costs. A dispute arose as to whether an oral agreement on costs had been reached. The defendant referred the question of costs back to the arbitrators. However, the claimant then sought an order that the arbitrators had no jurisdiction to deal with costs, on the basis that an agreement on costs had already been reached and the tribunal was therefore functus officio. The claimant contended that the application fell within s 67 because the issue as to whether the tribunal had jurisdiction to decide the costs of the action was a dispute about whether ‘matters have been submitted to arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement’ (s 30(1)(c)).

Mr Justice Hamblen agreed with the defendant that the application did not fall within the scope of s 67, because the question before the court was not one of whether the tribunal lacked substantive jurisdiction as defined in AA 1996. Where there is a dispute as to whether a claim referred to arbitration has settled, that will generally fall within the reference to the arbitral tribunal because the alleged fact of settlement will be a defence to the continuing claim, and a defence like any other that the tribunal will need to determine. The same follows where the only outstanding claim is one for costs. He therefore found that the issue between the parties was not ‘whether matters have been submitted to arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement’ (so as to bring the matter under s 67), but in fact ‘whether matters which have been so submitted have been resolved by agreement.’

Kasteli clarifies that any ancillary dispute arising out of related settlement discussions or negotiations on costs should be considered as falling within the ambit of the arbitral tribunal’s general jurisdiction over the claim submitted to it.

Comment

The latest decisions on applications challenging jurisdiction show that s 67 remains a tricky, although not impossible, gateway to navigate. Decisions turn on the specific facts of each case, and the courts remain inclined to uphold the finality of an arbitration award.

When considering a challenge on the basis of substantive jurisdiction, potential applicants should bear in mind that the tribunal can continue the proceedings while the application is pending (s 67(2)), which can cause further unnecessary costs to be run up). A successful s 67 challenge can often result in a full rehearing which can be very costly and result in further delay.

Parties would therefore be well advised to view s 67 as a last resort and consider challenging substantive jurisdiction earlier if possible under s 31 or s 32, or alternatively to abstain from taking part in the arbitration and seek to challenge jurisdiction under s 72.


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